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This white marble triumphal arch was constructed to commemorate the Parthian victories of the Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons Caracalla and Geta. Erected in 204 CE, this arch is located at one end of the Forum Romanum, and was used as a way of entering the governmental seat of Rome. It spans the Via Sacra on the route of the triumphal processions just before the ascent of the Capitoline Hill towards the Temple of Jupiter. The Arch (referring to the whole structure) has three arches (located inside the main structure) that rest on piers, in front of which are detached Composite columns on pedestals. The central archway has a coffered semicircular vault with lateral openings to the side archways.
Like many triumphal arches, the Arch of Septimius Severus depicts that battles which it commemorates. This main depiction has four main panels. The first panel shows the preparations for war; this include battle scenes between Romans and Parthians, the emperor speaking to the troops (on the left) and the liberation of a besieged city with the flight of the enemy king (on the right).
















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The second panel shows scenes from the war against the Osroeni, with the Roman forces attacking Edessa with war machines and the surrender of the city. The third panel shows the attack on the city of Seleucia on the River Tigris, with the Parthians fleeing on horseback. The fourth and final panal shows the siege of Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthians, using war machines, and the flight of the defeated enemy king.
The arch is considered one of the more preserved of the many Roman architectural sites, but many of its features have been ruined by time and nature. During the Middle Ages, repeated flooding of the low-lying Forum Romanum washed so much additional sediment and debris that in 1742, only the upper half of the Arch showed above ground. The arch owes its condition to having been incorporated into the structure of a Christian church.


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